Element Reference

Passives

ACME.resistor — Function.

resistor(r)

Creates a resistor obeying Ohm’s law. The resistance r has to be given in Ohm.

Pins: 1, 2

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ACME.capacitor — Function.

capacitor(c)

Creates a capacitor. The capacitance c has to be given in Farad.

Pins: 1, 2

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ACME.inductor — Method.

inductor(l)

Creates an inductor. The inductance l has to be given in Henri.

Pins: 1, 2

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ACME.inductor — Method.

inductor(Val{:JA}; D, A, n, a, α, c, k, Ms)

Creates a non-linear inductor based on the Jiles-Atherton model of magnetization assuming a toroidal core thin compared to its diameter. The parameters are set using named arguments:

parameter	description
`D`	Torus diameter (in meters)
`A`	Torus cross-sectional area (in square-meters)
`n`	Winding's number of turns
`a`	Shape parameter of the anhysteretic magnetization curve (in Ampere-per-meter)
`α`	Inter-domain coupling
`c`	Ratio of the initial normal to the initial anhysteretic differential susceptibility
`k`	amount of hysteresis (in Ampere-per-meter)
`Ms`	saturation magnetization (in Ampere-per-meter)

A detailed discussion of the paramters can be found in D. C. Jiles and D. L. Atherton, “Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 61, no. 1–2, pp. 48–60, Sep. 1986 and J. H. B. Deane, “Modeling the dynamics of nonlinear inductor circuits,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2795–2801, 1994, where the definition of c is taken from the latter. The ACME implementation is discussed in M. Holters, U. Zölzer, "Circuit Simulation with Inductors and Transformers Based on the Jiles-Atherton Model of Magnetization".

Pins: 1, 2

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ACME.transformer — Method.

transformer(l1, l2; coupling_coefficient=1, mutual_coupling=coupling_coefficient*sqrt(l1*l2))

Creates a transformer with two windings having inductances. The primary self-inductance l1 and the secondary self-inductance l2 have to be given in Henri. The coupling can either be specified using coupling_coefficient (0 is not coupled, 1 is closely coupled) or by mutual_coupling, the mutual inductance in Henri, where the latter takes precedence if both are given.

Pins: 1 and 2 for primary winding, 3 and 4 for secondary winding

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ACME.transformer — Method.

transformer(Val{:JA}; D, A, ns, a, α, c, k, Ms)

Creates a non-linear transformer based on the Jiles-Atherton model of magnetization assuming a toroidal core thin compared to its diameter. The parameters are set using named arguments:

parameter	description
`D`	Torus diameter (in meters)
`A`	Torus cross-sectional area (in square-meters)
`ns`	Windings' number of turns as a vector with one entry per winding
`a`	Shape parameter of the anhysteretic magnetization curve (in Ampere-per-meter)
`α`	Inter-domain coupling
`c`	Ratio of the initial normal to the initial anhysteretic differential susceptibility
`k`	amount of hysteresis (in Ampere-per-meter)
`Ms`	saturation magnetization (in Ampere-per-meter)

A detailed discussion of the parameters can be found in D. C. Jiles and D. L. Atherton, “Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 61, no. 1–2, pp. 48–60, Sep. 1986 and J. H. B. Deane, “Modeling the dynamics of nonlinear inductor circuits,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2795–2801, 1994, where the definition of c is taken from the latter. The ACME implementation is discussed in M. Holters, U. Zölzer, "Circuit Simulation with Inductors and Transformers Based on the Jiles-Atherton Model of Magnetization".

Pins: 1 and 2 for primary winding, 3 and 4 for secondary winding, and so on

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Independent Sources

ACME.voltagesource — Function.

voltagesource(; rs=0)
voltagesource(v; rs=0)

Creates a voltage source. The source voltage v has to be given in Volt. If omitted, the source voltage will be an input of the circuit. Optionally, an internal series resistance rs (in Ohm) can be given which defaults to zero.

Pins: + and - with v being measured from + to -

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ACME.currentsource — Function.

currentsource(; gp=0)
currentsource(i; gp=0)

Creates a current source. The source current i has to be given in Ampere. If omitted, the source current will be an input of the circuit. Optionally, an internal parallel conductance gp (in Ohm⁻¹) can be given which defaults to zero.

Pins: + and - where i measures the current leaving source at the + pin

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Probes

ACME.voltageprobe — Function.

voltageprobe()

Creates a voltage probe, providing the measured voltage as a circuit output. Optionally, an internal parallel conductance gp (in Ohm⁻¹) can be given which defaults to zero.

Pins: + and - with the output voltage being measured from + to -

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ACME.currentprobe — Function.

currentprobe()

Creates a current probe, providing the measured current as a circuit output. Optionally, an internal series resistance rs (in Ohm) can be given which defaults to zero.

Pins: + and - with the output current being the current entering the probe at +

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Semiconductors

ACME.diode — Function.

diode(;is=1e-12, η = 1)

Creates a diode obeying Shockley's law $i=I_S\cdot(e^{v/(\eta v_T)}-1)$ where $v_T$ is fixed at 25 mV. The reverse saturation current is has to be given in Ampere, the emission coefficient η is unitless.

Pins: + (anode) and - (cathode)

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ACME.bjt — Function.

bjt(typ; is=1e-12, η=1, isc=is, ise=is, ηc=η, ηe=η, βf=1000, βr=10,
    ile=0, ilc=0, ηcl=ηc, ηel=ηe, vaf=Inf, var=Inf, ikf=Inf, ikr=Inf)

Creates a bipolar junction transistor obeying the Gummel-Poon model

\[i_f = \frac{\beta_f}{1+\beta_f} I_{S,E} \cdot (e^{v_E/(\eta_E v_T)}-1)\]

\[i_r = \frac{\beta_r}{1+\beta_r} I_{S,C} \cdot (e^{v_C/(\eta_C v_T)}-1)\]

\[i_{cc} = \frac{2(1-\frac{V_E}{V_{ar}}-\frac{V_C}{V_{af}})} {1+\sqrt{1+4(\frac{i_f}{I_{KF}}+\frac{i_r}{I_{KR}})}} (i_f - i_r)\]

\[i_{BE} = \frac{1}{\beta_f} i_f + I_{L,E} \cdot (e^{v_E/(\eta_{EL} v_T)}-1)\]

\[i_{BC} = \frac{1}{\beta_r} i_r + I_{L,C} \cdot (e^{v_C/(\eta_{CL} v_T)}-1)\]

\[i_E = i_{cc} + i_{BE} \qquad i_C=-i_{cc} + i_{BC}\]

where $v_T$ is fixed at 25 mV. For

\[I_{L,E}=I_{L,C}=0,\quad V_{ar}=V_{af}=I_{KF}=I_{KR}=∞,\]

this reduces to the Ebers-Moll equation

\[i_E = I_{S,E} \cdot (e^{v_E/(\eta_E v_T)}-1) - \frac{\beta_r}{1+\beta_r} I_{S,C} \cdot (e^{v_C/(\eta_C v_T)}-1)\]

\[i_C = -\frac{\beta_f}{1+\beta_f} I_{S,E} \cdot (e^{v_E/(\eta_E v_T)}-1) + I_{S,C} \cdot (e^{v_C/(\eta_C v_T)}-1).\]

Additionally, terminal series resistances are supported.

The parameters are set using named arguments:

parameter	description
`typ`	Either `:npn` or `:pnp`, depending on desired transistor type
`is`	Reverse saturation current in Ampere
`η`	Emission coefficient
`isc`	Collector reverse saturation current in Ampere (overriding `is`)
`ise`	Emitter reverse saturation current in Ampere (overriding `is`)
`ηc`	Collector emission coefficient (overriding `η`)
`ηe`	Emitter emission coefficient (overriding `η`)
`βf`	Forward current gain
`βr`	Reverse current gain
`ilc`	Base-collector junction leakage current in Ampere
`ile`	Base-emitter junction leakage current in Ampere
`ηcl`	Base-collector junction leakage emission coefficient (overriding `η`)
`ηel`	Base-emitter junction leakage emission coefficient (overriding `η`)
`vaf`	Forward Early voltage in Volt
`var`	Reverse Early voltage in Volt
`ikf`	Forward knee current (gain roll-off) in Ampere
`ikr`	Reverse knee current (gain roll-off) in Ampere
`re`	Emitter terminal resistance
`rc`	Collector terminal resistance
`rb`	Base terminal resistance

Pins: base, emitter, collector

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Integrated Circuits

ACME.opamp — Method.

opamp()

Creates an ideal operational amplifier. It enforces the voltage between the input pins to be zero without sourcing any current while sourcing arbitrary current on the output pins wihtout restricting their voltage.

Note that the opamp has two output pins, one of which will typically be connected to a ground node and has to provide the current sourced on the other output pin.

Pins: in+ and in- for input, out+ and out- for output

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ACME.opamp — Method.

opamp(Val{:macak}, gain, vomin, vomax)

Creates a clipping operational amplifier where input and output voltage are related by

\[v_\text{out} = \frac{1}{2}\cdot(v_\text{max}+v_\text{min}) +\frac{1}{2}\cdot(v_\text{max}-v_\text{min})\cdot \tanh\left(\frac{g}{\frac{1}{2}\cdot(v_\text{max}-v_\text{min})}\cdot v_\text{in}\right).\]

The input current is zero, the output current is arbitrary.

Note that the opamp has two output pins, one of which will typically be connected to a ground node and has to provide the current sourced on the other output pin.

Pins: in+ and in- for input, out+ and out- for output

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